Inclusion of DC converter and transmission equations directly in a Newton power flow

This paper presents the method used to include the equations for DC converters and transmission lines directly in a Newton AC system power flow. The DC equations are presented in a per unit form that is compatible with the per unit AC equations. The DC equations can therefore be incorporated directly into the Jacobian of the Newton power flow. The convergence properties of the Newton method are not altered. The DC model and equations used make it possible to investigate any number of two terminal DC lines or multiple terminal DC networks as component parts of an AC system.