Four photons sensitivity heterodyne detection of submillimeter radiation with superconducting tunnel junctions

An ultra low noise SIS receiver has been prepared for radio astronomy. The minimum double sideband receiver noise temperature is about 30 K which corresponds to 2 /spl planck//spl omega//k or an equivalent number of 4 photons of noise. The minimum measured double sideband mixer noise temperature is about 10 K which corresponds to 0.6 /spl planck//spl omega//k or approximately to 1 photon of noise. The fixed tuned SIS mixer operates in the 290-370 GHz frequency range. The submicron niobium junctions mere fabricated using photoresist lines for junction definition. The receiver has been used at the 30 m IRAM radio telescope in Spain in winter 1994. Telescope system noise temperature of 500 K single sideband has been achieved when the sky opacity was about 0.17.<>