High-frequency forward scatter from Arctic ice: temporal response

The Fresnel-corrected Kirchhoff approximation is applied to predict the impulse response of high-frequency signals forward-scattered from the under-ice surface. The theory predicts a sufficient dependence of the response on ice rms roughness and slope to permit estimation of these parameters from temporal response measurements. The predicted impulse response is then convolved with signal ambiguity functions for comparison with Arctic data. The theory is found to compare favorably with the data for ice characterized by relatively low rms slope and height