Statistical efficiency of universal logic elements in realisation of logic functions

The specification of standard logic elements with which any combinatorial or storage requirement can be realised is briefly reviewed, such elements ranging from simple NAND and NOR Boolean gates through to universal-logic-elements of several forms. Here we specifically consider for the first time a comprehensive range of the latter elements, and give the full statistics of the number of elements required to realise a range of duties in comparison with NAND and NOR gates.