علت‌شناسي جنايي در سنجه حكمت اسلامي

The evaluation of “Criminal Causation” based on Islamic Wisdom

اصل عليت يكي از اصول فلسفي مهمي است كه نه‌تنها در اشيا و پديده‌هاي طبيعي، بلكه در رفتارهاي انساني و ازجمله رفتارهاي بزهكارانه نيز جاري است؛ گرچه چگونگي تحليل آن در رفتارهاي انساني، متفاوت از اشيا و پديده‌هاي طبيعي است. رويكرد علت‌شناسي جنايي با توجه به مباني معرفتي خود، توانايي اين تحليل را نداشته است. اين مقاله به نقد و بررسي علت‌شناسي جنايي بر اساس حكمت اسلامي پرداخته و مهم‌ترين نقاط ضعف اين رويكرد در اين خصوص را بدين شرح برمي‌شمرد: عدم تمايز و يا خلط بين مفهوم «علت» و «شرايط و معدات»، اكتفا به علت‌كاوي و غفلت از دليل‌يابي و معناكاوي، علت‌شناسي بر اساس پيش‌فرض‌ و طرح ذهني قبلي پژوهشگر، اعتقاد به تعين‌يافته بودن رفتار بزهكارانه، نفي اسباب غيرطبيعي در ارتكاب بزهكاري، تغيير موقف از علت غايي به علت فاعلي مادي و تمركز بر عليت اعدادي به جاي عليت حقيقي و ايجادي.

The principle of causality is one of the most important philosophical principles which is discussed not only in natural objects but also in human behaviors such as, criminal behaviors. However, the analysis of causality in human behaviors is different from its analysis in natural objects. Due to its epistemological basis, the “criminal causation” approach has not had the ability to analyze this principle. This article has investigated and criticized the “criminal causation” based on Islamic jurisprudence. Moreover, this study has referred to and explained the most important weaknesses of this approach in analyzing causality in criminal behavior, namely, the confusion between the concepts of “cause” and “conditions” of genesis, the sufficiency of seeking for cause and neglect of reasoning and meaning, the etiology based on the presupposition and the previous researcher’s mental plan, the thought of determinism in explaining the criminal behavior , the rejection of unnatural causes in committing crimes, the shift from the ultimate cause to the agentive material cause, and the focus on conditions of genesis instead of real and creative causes of genesis.