تأثير و بازتاب نظام طبقاتي و استبدادي در متون تعليمي منثور فارسي (با تكيه بر اندرزنامه‌هاي سياسي قرن پنجم تا هفتم)

The Effect and Reflection of Class System and Autocracy in the Persian Prose Educational Texts (Relying on Political Advice Writtens in Fifth to Seventh Century

ادبيات و اجتماع تأثير متقابلي بر يكديگر دارند و ادبيات را مي‌توان بازتاب واقعيت‌هاي اجتماعي دانست. يكي از جلوه‌هاي تأثيرگذاري،‌ تأثيري است كه نظام طبقاتي و حكومت استبدادي بر اجتماع و روابط افراد مي‌گذارد و ادبيات به‌عنوان اصلي‌ترين نمود اجتماعي آن را در خود بازتاب مي‌دهد. نظام طبقاتي (سلسله‌مراتبي) يك سيستم فراگير اجتماعي است كه در آن مردم به چند طبقۀ مجزا تقسيم مي‌شوند و بر اساس آن عده‌اي خود را برخوردار از حقوق كامل شهروندي دانسته و مابقي را از ابتدايي‌ترين حقوق محروم مي‌سازند. پذيرش و تأكيد بر تفاوت، اختلاف، تضاد، و به‌طوركلي نابرابري از ويژگي‌هاي چنين نظامي است. چنين نظامي منجر به شكل‌گيري حكومت استبدادي مي‌شود كه مؤلفه‌هاي آن تقدّس پادشاه و تك‌گويي است و شاكله آن را ترس تشكيل مي‌دهد. اين نظام بر نگرش‌ها و اعتقادات، خلق‌وخوي افراد، و شيوه بيان مطالب تأثير مي‌گذارد؛ به گونه‌اي كه زبان ادبي به‌سوي بيان غيرمستقيم و پند و اندرز گرايش مي‌يابد و سمت‌وسوي توصيه‌ها نيز در خدمت تأمين منافع و مصالح طبقه حاكم و قدرتمند جامعه قرار مي‌گيرد. اندرزنامه‌هاي سياسي كه با هدف تأثيرگذاري بر رفتار سياسي حاكمان تدوين شده‌اند مي‌توانند محمل مناسبي براي بازتاب اين نوع از ساختار اجتماعي و نظام حكومتي باشند. ازاين‌رو، اين مقاله سعي دارد با شيوه‌اي تحليلي‌توصيفي به بررسي اين تأثيرات و بازتاب آن در برجسته‌ترين متون تعليمي نثر فارسي كه عمدتاً ذيل اندرزنامه‌هاي سياسي قرار مي‌گيرند، بپردازد.

Literature and society have mutual effects on each other and it is known that the literature is a reflection of social realities.One of these influences is the effect of class system and autocracy on the society and membersʼscommunication, and the literature as the principle social appearance represents itself. Class system is a social inclusive system that people disport to some separate class, and in this system some people enjoy complete citizenship rights, and the rest are deprived of the primary rights. Acceptance and emphasis on difference, opposition, and generally inequality are the characteristics of this system. Class system has some consequences for autocracy the components of which are the sanctity of the king and one-way conversation, and the fear of change. This system has effects on attitude of people, beliefs, moods, and expression of the dissent.Seen from the other way round, literary language tends to indirect expression and aphorism, on sideways of the content of the literary works to serve the interests of the socialʼs ruling and powerful class. This article studies the effects and their reflection on the educational literature by descriptive-analytic method, relying on the most prominent Persian prose educational texts classified in written political advice and guide. Keywords: class system, autocratic, political advice writing, educational prose texts 1- Introduction Literature and society are closely linked.Studying literature as social documents and hypothetical images of the truth is the most common way to find relation between literature and society (Velek,1994: 110). Political advice writing is one of literary works written to teach governing religion to kings by zoroastrian clergy, kings and prominent politicians.Given that political advice writing represents practical morality of the ruling classes, the writers of such literary works have played a role in reinforcing autocracy in society by bringing up theory of monarchy based on Iranshahri thought (believing in divine wisdom of king).Therefore, political advice writing is appropriate for the study of effect of class system and autocracy and their reflection on didactic literature.Dominance of class system and autocracy has various effects on moods, attitude and beliefs of people.Effects of this social and government system can be seen in the approach of writers to give advice, admitting class system, ideological and religious faulty prejudices, believing in lucky, complaining world, prevalence of kinds of moral evil in different sections of society.The question of this research is that what the effects of classsystem and autocraticare and how they are reflected in the mirror of didactic literature, specially political advice writing? 2- Research Methodology This article is carried through content analysis method with a descriptive-analytical approach. The data of this research are “Siasat Nameh”, “Qabous Nameh”, “Nasihat úll molouk”,“Akhlagh ē Naseri”, “Kalila & Dimna”, “Marzban Nameh” and “Golestan”. So, after theoretical explanation of the research on the class system and autocracy and its relation with didactic literature is introduced, the effects and reflections of class system and autocracy in these works are illustrated. 3- Research Purposes This research aims to study the effects and reflections of class system and autocracy in educational texts, especially political advice writing and answerthese quastions: What are the effects of class system and autocracy on literature? How is this system reflected in educational texts, especially political advice writing? 4- Conclusion According to what was said,the effects of class system and autocracy are tendency to advise, admission ofclass system and emphasis on the necessity of its implementation in the administration of the country,ideological and religiousfaulty prejudices, belief in luck, complaint from the world, prevalence of kinds of moral evil such as trick, conspiracy, betrayal, jealousy, weakening and hindering of another one`s growth, lie, duplicity, and flattery in different sections of society.The degree of severity and weakness in texts were reviewed,based on the research findings, as follows: - Tendency to advise is obvious in the whole of these works; and writers have used various methods such as: telling historical anecdotes and wisdoms, fables, allegory, story, poem, etc. - Admission of class system and emphasis on the necessity of its implementation is completely outstanding in“Siasat Nameh” and “Kalila & Dimna”; and its traces are evident in “Qabous Nameh” and “Akhlagh ē Naseri”. - Ideological and religious faulty prejudices are obvious in “Siasat nameh”, “Golestan”, “Nasihat úll molouk”,“Kalila & Dimna” and “Marzban Nameh”. - Belief in luck has a bold reflection in “Kalila & Dimna”; and there are references to it in “Qabous Nameh”,“Golestan”,“Akhlagh ē Naseri” and “Marzban Nameh”. -Complaint from the world has a remarkable reflection in “Kalila & Dimna” and “Golestan”. - Prevalence of moral evil among the people and kings has reflection in the all of the texts. Lie in “Qabous Nameh”; duplicity and flattery in “Kalila & Dimna”,“Akhlagh ē Naseri”,“Marzban Nameh” and “Golestan”; trick, betrayal, weakening and hindering another oneʼs growth in “Kalila & Dimna” have a significant reflection.