تحليلي بر ادراك «كيفيت معناي مكان» با تأكيد بر مكان‌هاي عمومي شهر يزد

Analysis on Meaning Quality of Urban Public Places, Yazd, Iran

كيفيت معناي مكان‌هاي عمومي شهري متأثر از شاخص‌هايي است؛ تعدادي از شاخص‌ها سهم بيشتر و تعدادي سهم كمتري در شكل‌گيري كيفيت معناي مكان دارند. پرسش اصلي مقاله اين است كه شاخص‌هاي اصلي دخيل در كيفيت معناي مكان‌هاي عمومي شهر يزد و اولويت‌بندي آنها از منظر شهروندان كدام است؟ اين پژوهش از روش توصيفي-تحليلي بهره‌ گرفته ‌است. با مطالعات اسنادي در تدوين مباني نظري، شاخص‌هاي كيفيت معناي مكان توصيف شده و سپس ميزان تأثير هر شاخص در ادراك كيفيت ميدان‌هاي منتخب (به‌مثابة معرف مكان‌هاي عمومي شهر يزد) بررسي شده ‌است. واحد تحليل پژوهش، هريك از شهروندان شهر يزد است. نمونۀ آماري 384 نفر بوده و پرسشنامه‌ها سؤالاتي داراي جواب‌هاي مبتني بر طيف ليكرت 5 امتيازي داشتند. با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS، بر روي داده‌هاي حاصل از پرسشنامه، آزمون T تك‌نمونه‌اي براي پي بردن به صحت شاخص‌هاي به‌كاررفته در پژوهش و آزمون فريدمن براي رتبه‌بندي شاخص‌هاي منتخب به‌كارگيري شده ‌است. يافته‌ها نشان داد كه از ميان شاخص‌هاي 22گانه، 3 شاخص محيطي براي همه، دسترسي و كارايي بيشترين سهم در ادراك كيفيت معناي مكان را داشته‌اند. از اين يافته‌ها اين‌گونه مي‌توان نتيجه گرفت كه از منظر شهروندان، برنامه‌ريزي و طراحي مكان با كيفيت نيازمند طراحي محيط براي همه و تمركز بر دسترسي (سهولت دسترسي به ميدان و فضاهاي آن بر اثر فرم ادراك شود) و كارايي (متناسب با اهداف فعاليتي كارايي ميدان ادراك شود) است و اگر مكاني همچون ميدان امير چخماق يا بعثت، داراي ويژگي‌هاي تاريخي باشد (به‌لحاظ معنايي، رمزگشايي از آموخته‌هاي قبلي كند و با معاني فرهنگي و تاريخي موجود در ذهن ارتباط برقرار كند)، شاخص توجه به ارزش‌هاي تاريخي و فرهنگي بودن در آن، در اولويت بيشتري نسبت به محيطي براي همه، دسترسي و كارايي قرار دارد؛ يعني مي‌توان به سطوح معنا و سطوح شاخص‌هاي سنجش آن قائل بود. برخي شاخص‌ها با جنبه‌هاي فرمي و مبتني بر ويژگي‌هاي مكان، قضاوت از كيفيت را رقم مي‌زنند. برخي ديگر با تكيه بر جنبه‌هاي فرهنگي و تاريخي و جهان‌بيني و ايدئولوژي شهروندان، كيفيت مكان را رقم مي‌زنند. شاخص‌هاي فرمي بالاترين رتبه را به‌خود اختصاص دادند و شايد بيشترين قابليت را براي كيفي‌سازي مكان‌هاي عمومي داشته باشند؛ يعني برنامه‌ريزان و طراحان با تكيه بر جنبه‌هاي عمومي بودن مكان، دسترسي و كارايي بتوانند، سطح كيفي آن را در ادراك شهروندان به‌طور چشمگيري افزايش دهند.

Introduction The discussion below can be read as a call for more rigorous and transparent explication of philosophical commitments and implications of one’s chosen methodological standpoint. Physical structure, function and perception are formed and directed to place. Place is defined by imagination and memory. Nowadays, urban public spaces are in the lack of meaning they cannot be perfectly perceived by citizens. The purpose of this research is to propose effective indicators in perception of citizens in urban public places. Meaning quality of urban public places is a big concern. Various indices shape meaning quality of urban public places. Some indices can play more important roles in perception quality. Finding these indices could help planners and designers to improve meaning quality from the perspective of citizens. Methodology The study area is Yazd city in central areas of Iran. Thus, Yazd province is located in the center of the country, and its center is Yazd city. The population of this city is about 582682 people. The city of Yazd is the economic and administrative capital of the province and, therefore, the most heavily populated city of the region. Yazd is one of the best cities containing Iranian Architecture samples. It is one of the major and historical cities in the world as a historic texture portfolio in UNESCO. The aim of this research is to introduce indices on the quality of urban public places in the view of Yazd (Iran) citizens. Thus, the research method is "descriptive- analytical". Also, we used survey analysis method. At first, the literature was reviewed due to proposed indicators. In order to analyze the indicators the sample size is 384 individuals. We have used questionnaire as data collection instrument. On the other hand, T-test and Friedman test (Non Parametric Test, K Related Samples), in SPSS, have been used for analysis data. Results and discussion Based on research method, we have initially reviewed previous studies. So, we extracted indicators from some ideas mainly from Lynch (1981), Violich (1983), Bentli (2005), Coleman (1987), Alen Jacobs & Appelyard (1998), South worth, (1989), Greene (1992), Haughton & Hunter (1994), Punter & Carmona (1997), and Carmona (2003). Theoretical issues about the quality and the quality of the survey have been developed during the past few decades by national and international institutions such as PPS. According to the components of urban space quality in scientific ideas, we selected twenty two indexes for analysis in the semi Delfi process. These twenty two indexes are including eco-friendly form, visual compatibility, visual character, accessibility, walk-ability, environment for all, social reaction, various land use, customizability, efficiency, happiness, richness, friendly, eligibility, learning, personalization, security, sense of time, culturally, meanings, manifestations and spiritual themes, and permeability. In terms of gender structure, about half of the respondents were male and half of them were female. Also, more than half of them were single and others were married. The average age of the subjects was 34 years old. In terms of education, about 40 percent of respondents had a master's degree and 30 percent had bachelor degree. The birthplace of half respondents in this study is Yazd city and others were born in other cities of the province. The participants were residing in Yazd city. The participants were asked to express their judgments about the quality of urban public places in order to evaluate the effects of the 22 indicators on the perception of respondents and their judgment about the meaning quality. Answers were analyzed using one-sample t-test. The values more than 3 for each indicator represent significant effect on the quality of judgment in the perception of the citizens. According to this analysis, these indicators i.e., variety of land use, social interactions, sense of time, environment for all, friendly places, and culture have been effective to understand the meaning of place quality in Yazd city. The results showed that other indicators are not effective on respondents' perception of the quality squares. Respondent’s prioritization of the meaning quality indices can show the importance of effective factors of perceptual quality. Understanding the importance of each indicator in shaping the perceptual quality of the squares was important result of this study that can be used in the future studies. To prioritize the respondents' perception of meaning quality indicators, Friedman test was used. The results of Friedman test confirms that there are significant difference between twenty two indicator’s impacts on meaning quality of spaces perception. It should be noted that the most important indicator in the formation of meaning quality are environment for all, accessibility and efficiency. Conclusion Analyzing the meaning quality of urban public spaces by means of quantitative methods and experimental models is an approach that is used to identify the overall level of quality. Meanwhile, access to reliable results, close to reality, can be used to perform planning and decision-making in proceeding strategy and physical, non-physical intervention on public places. This study was done based on the use of these approaches of measuring environmental quality. This research indicates that among the indices for all 22 indicators, three indicators (Environment for all, accessibility and efficiency) have the highest influence on percept meaning quality. As a place like Amir Chaqmaq or Besat Square has historical and cultural background values, the historical and cultural values are the main index in meaning quality of urban public places. It can be concluded that meaning quality indexes have different ranks according to the place. Some of them are more common in various places and some of them are only considered in especial places. Formal indices are more common but that the indices related to culture and history, are not based on quality judgment in the places. Therefore, planners and designers can establish their projects based on more common indices like Environment for all, accessibility and efficiency that are not related to culture and history for supporting the places with minimum meaning quality.