بررسي نقش محوري جريان فضايي– زماني فعاليت‌هاي زمان غروب و شب در ادراك امنيت، مطالعه موردي: مركز شهر رشت

Investigating the pivotal role of space-time flow of sunset and night activities in the perception of security, a case study: Rasht city center

حيات شبانه راهي واقعي براي گسترش روزِ كاري و نيروي محركي براي رشد و توسعه ملي است. مطالعه حاضر با اتخاذ چارچوب تحليلي جغرافياي زمان و تحليل كمي روال‌هاي مصرف حيات شبانه در مركز شهر رشت مي‌كوشد به اين سئوال اصلي پاسخ دهد كه چگونه شهر رشت مي‌تواند بستر مناسبي را براي جريان فضايي_زماني فعاليت‌هاي زمان غروب و شب فراهم سازد؟ براي جمع‌آوري اطلاعات از پرسشنامه استفاده شد. تجزيه و تحليل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش‌هاي آمار توصيفي و استنباطي (آزمون خي‌دو و تحليل خوشه‌اي دومرحله‌اي) به‌وسيله نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام شد. تفاوت‌هاي چشمگيري در نوع مصرف حيات شبانه در مركز شهر با استفاده از تحليل خوشه‌اي آشكار شد. با وجود اين، عدم تجانس در مسيرهاي فضا_زمان را مي‌توان در دو الگوي مشخص خلاصه كرد: «پارك‌گردي» و «خريد». اين الگوها از بسياري جهات با يكديگر متفاوت بودند اما از نظر موقعيت در يك بخش از مركز شهر (سبزه ميدان) ديده شدند. اهميت پيش‌بين هاي اصلي به ‌ترتيب نزولي عبارت بودند از: قوميت گروه (1/00)، جنس گروه (1/00)، اندازه گروه (1/00)، نوع فعاليت/ تفريح شبانه (0/82)، متوسط زمان صرف‌شده (0/60)، شرايط زندگي (0/48)، قوميت (0/42)، مكان (0/33)، جنس (0/27) و سطح تحصيلات (0/18). در مقابل، نقش حرفه و نوع كار، محل اقامت و سن بسيار كم بود. نتايج نشان داد كه اكثريت مصرف‌كنندگان حيات شبانه‌ احساس امنيت مي‌كردند و اين امنيت ادراك‌شده را بيشتر (%78/2) ناشي از «فعاليت‌ها/ مردم در خيابان و...» مي‌دانستند. در محدوده‌ مورد مطالعه، زنان نقش و حضور گسترده‌اي در توليد اجتماعي فضا داشتند و اين نقش و حضور را مي‌توان به ادراك آنها از احساس امنيت در حيات شبانه‌ مركز شهر نسبت داد. طبق نتايج بالا و همچنين متوسط زمان رسيدن به نخستين فعاليت شبانه (19:28) و متوسط زمان صرف‌شده در مركز شهر (3/21 ساعت)، رشت مي‌تواند تنها بستر مناسبي براي جريان فضايي_زماني فعاليت‌هاي زمان غروب باشد (بين ساعات 18 تا 23). سه پيشنهاد اثربخش به‌صورت توأمان براي تغيير رويه فعلي مطرح مي‌شود كه عبارتند از ايجاد تنوع فعاليتي بيشتر در مركز شهر، مديريت منطقه از طريق افزايش كيفيت فضاهاي شهري و حمايت از طولاني‌شدن ساعات فعاليت شبانه و حمل‌ونقل عمومي هميشگي در اواخر شب.

Highlights The greenery (shady trees and vegetation) and seating areas provide a good sense of going out in the city ‘Gardens and parks’ are one of the variables of the desirability of the urban night landscape The majority of nightlife consumers consider their perceived safety to be more due to ‘activities/people on the streets, etc.’ The spatiotemporal flow of evening and night-time activities leads to more revenue and financial turnover for the city and municipality Introduction Nightlife and night-time economic attractions are a proper way to expand a working day and the impetus for national growth and development. The present study sought to answer the basic question of how the city of Rasht, Iran could provide a suitable platform for the spatiotemporal flow of activities in the evening and at night.by adopting an analytical framework of time geography and quantitative analysis of nightlife consumption practices in the city center. Theoretical Framework There have been many studies outside Iran on urban nightlife, most of which refer to a combination of social science studies on alcohol and the night leisure industry (Aresi & Pedersen, 2016; Pedrero-García, 2018; Søgaard, 2017). Studies conducted in Iran on nightlife have addressed the topic differently from the research performed outside Iran; these studies have been focused on geography and tourism planning (Shaykh-Baygloo & Soltani, 2019), urban vitality (Ghazanfarpor et al., 2019), cultural factors (Anizadeh, 2018), urban night leisure planning (Kashfi, 2012), and urban night landscape with an emphasis on lighting (AkhavanSaraf et al., 2014). Against this background of research, the present study sought to complement the previous geographic research by adopting an analytical framework of time geography and a quantitative analysis of nightlife consumption practices at the center of Rasht. The innovative aspect of the present study, adopting an analytical framework of time geography, was the combination of two fields, namely nightlife consumption and perception of safety. The perception of safety, that is, the experience of the subjective feeling of being secure (Tulumello & Falanga, 2015), has been known as a key component of a well-functioning city (Cozens & Tarca, 2016). It is influenced by many factors, including the built environment and activities (Bennetts et al., 2017; Piroozfar et al., 2019; van Nes et al., 2016) as an attribute of safer places (Llewelyn-Davies & Partnership, 2004). The literature (Heshmati & Charehjoo, 2018; Park & Garcia, 2019; Piroozfar et al., 2019; Yaran et al., 2019) suggests that the activity factor alone cannot cause spatial differentiation, concentration and thus a greater sense of safety. The solution is to create a high-quality environment by providing different types of complementary opportunities and activities and thoughtfully designing spaces to minimize inconsistencies so as to host a variety of uses and users. This is doubly important in the discussion of nightlife. Urban spaces attract a large number of people at night. The most easily distinguishable time-space layer is that of life and business in the evening and the early hours of the night (usually during 9-11 PM, but sometimes during 6-11 PM) (Rowe & Bavinton, 2011). After evening business, night-time business (11 PM to 2 AM) begins, and the number and diversity of nightlife users decreases dramatically, resulting in fewer services, especially public transportation. The expected outcomes of the present study were the urban nightlife ideals: to identify nightlife consumption practices and evaluate the spatiotemporal flow of activities in two layers of time-space, i.e., evening-downtown Rasht and night-downtown Rasht, in terms of perceived safety, diversity, and inclusivity. Methodology A questionnaire was used for the data collection. The participants were asked to provide information on the following: (1) geographic locations of night-time activities in the city; (2) types of nightlife activity, including the movies, cafes/restaurants, parks/green spaces, bazaars/shopping malls (commercial centers, hypermarkets, etc.), walking/running, gymnasiums, etc.; (3) arrival time and duration of the last night out; (4) companionship, involving group size and group composition in terms of gender and ethnicity. In a part of the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to evaluate their feelings of safety/lack of safety at a specific (nightlife activity/entertainment) location and state the reason. In addition, the questionnaire included questions about the respondents’ more general patterns of going out and their demographic and socioeconomic statuses. The respondents were asked how often they went out on average and where they often went for nightlife. They were also asked about their genders, ages, lifestyles (living conditions, place of residence), social classes (academic degree, occupation, and type of work), and ethnicities. The data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical methods (chi-squared test and two-step cluster analysis) using the SPSS 26 software. Results and Discussion The cluster analysis indicated significant differences in the types of nightlife consumption in downtown Rasht. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity in the space-time paths of nightlife downtown could be summarized in two distinct patterns: going to the park and shopping. These patterns are diverse in many ways, but could be identified at a part of the city center (Sabzeh Meydan Park). The key predictors included the following in descending order of significance: group ethnicity (1.00), group gender (1.00), group size (1.00), type of nightlife activity/entertainment (0.82), average duration (0.60), living conditions (0.48), ethnicity (0.42), location (0.33), gender (0.27), and academic degree (0.18). In this study, occupation and type of work, place of residence, and age played insignificant roles. The findings demonstrated that the majority of nightlife consumers in downtown Rasht felt safe, and this perceived safety could be accounted for mainly (78.2%) by the factor known as activities/people on the street, etc. In the study area, women had a pivotal role in the social production of space, which could be attributed to their perception of the feeling of safety in the nightlife of downtown Rasht. Conclusion According to the above findings, the average time of arrival at the first nightlife activity/entertainment (19:28) and the average time spent downtown (3.21 h), Rasht can be a suitable platform for the spatiotemporal flow of activities only in the evening and the initial hours of the night (during 6-11 PM). To conclude, three practical suggestions are made simultaneously for revision of the current procedure: to diversify the activities performed downtown, to manage the area by improving the quality of urban spaces and supporting longer hours of night-time activities, and to provide frequent late-night public transport. Acknowledgment This article has been extracted from a doctoral dissertation entitled The Impact of the Physical Environment Attributes on the Perception of Safety and the Patterns of Space Use in Downtown Rasht Using Evaluative and Behavior-Based Mapping, developed by the fourth author under the supervision of the first author and the advisory of the second and third authors at the University of Tabriz.