نظريه بديع قانون طبيعي در حكمت عملي اسلامي

An Original Theory of Natural Law in the Islamic Practical Philosophy

نگارش پيش‏رو دربردارنده نظريه‏اي بديع درباره قانون طبيعي از نگاه فلسفه اسلامي است. قانون طبيعي بنيادي‏ترين گزاره‏هاي عقل عملي درباره رفتار اختياري بشر است. كشف مفاد قانون طبيعي، مبتني بر دو امر است: شناسايي طبيعت بشر و تشخيص هدف آفرينش انسان. نفس آدمي داراي سه مرتبه نباتي، حيواني و انساني (ناطقه) است. محتواي قانون طبيعي، يعني حكم عقل درباره رفتارهاي بشر، با التفات به امكانات طبيعي هر مرتبه نفس و با توجه به هدف آفرينش بشر به دست مي‏آيد. گزاره‏هاي قانون طبيعي همگي بديهي‏اند كه بر اثر معرفت حضوري نفس به همه نيازهاي خود فهميده مي‏شوند.

Natural law includes the most fundamental propositions of practical reason about human volitional acts. To discover the content of natural law needs two stages: recognizing the nature of humanity and distinguishing the goal of human creation. The author in this article suggests an Islamic view of natural law as an original and novel view on this issue. He argues that according to the Islamic philosophy, human soul has three stages: vegetative soul, animal soul, and human (rational) soul. The content of natural law (i.e. reason’s judgment about human actions) can be understood by taking the natural potentialities of each stage into consideration and comparing it with the goal of creation. He concludes that propositions of natural law are self-evident, and are understood through knowledge by presence by the soul of its needs.