تاملي در حجيت خبر موثق

Reflection upon Authority of Authentic Tradition

بحث در حجيت خبر موثق (خبر غيرامامي ثقه)، از مهم‌ترين مباحث در اصول و علوم حديث است؛ زيرا در احاديث شيعه صدها حديث به‌عنوان موثق معرفي مي‌شود و حجيت يا عدم حجيت آن تاثير فراواني در استنباط احكام شرعي دارد. اقوال در اين مسيله گوناگون است كه مهم‌ترين آنها دو قول است: «حجيت مطلقه» كه به‌ويژه در چند قرن اخير به مشهور نسبت داده شده است و «عدم حجيت» كه شهيد ثاني آن را نيز به مشهور قدما نسبت داده است. ادله حجيت خبر موثق، گذشته از برخي روايات، سيره عقلاست و در مقابل، مخالفان حجيت خبر موثق به برخي آيات مثل آيه نبا و آيه نهي از ركون به ظالمان و روايات فراواني كه مستفاد از آن، عدم رضاي شارع به خبر موثق است، استناد كرده‌اند و ادله موافقان را اعم از روايات يا سيره عقلا پاسخ داده‌اند. اين مقاله با بيان ادله طرفين، به اين قول متمايل شده است كه ادله مخالفان راجح است و حداقل احراز امضاي رضاي شارع به سيره عقلا، با وجود آن روايات رادعه ممكن نيست.

Authority of authentic tradition (non-Imami valid tradition) is one of the most important issues in Legal Theory and hadith sciences; for, among Shiʹi hadiths, there are many hadiths which are considered as authentic and their authority (or their being not authoritative) is of great influence in inferring religious judgments. There are many opinions concerning this issue from among of which the following two are more important: "absolute authority" which is in particular during recent centuries ascribed to the opinion dominant among elder ones; and "non-authority" which is ascribed by Shahid Thani again to the opinion dominant among elder ones. Arguments for authority of authentic traditions are, in addition to some traditions, based on states of wise people; and on the other hand, opponents of authority of authentic tradition refer to some verses such as "O ye who believe! If an evil-liver bring you tidings, verify it, lest ye smite some folk in ignorance and afterward repent of what ye did" (49: 6) and " And incline not toward those who do wrong lest the Fire touch you, and ye have no protecting friends against Allah, and afterward ye would not be helped" (11: 113) as well as many hadiths suggesting that the Holy Legislator is not satisfied by "authentic tradition"; and in this way, they have provided replies for arguments posed by proponents (which are based on traditions or states of wise people). The present article introduces arguments posed by two sides, and chooses the opinion that arguments posed by proponents are preferred; and given opposing traditions, at least, one cannot infer consensus of the Legislator from states of wise people.