نقش تهيدستان شهري و لوطيان و جهّال تهران در انقلاب مشروطيت

The Role of theUrban Poor, Hooligans, and Ignorant of Tehran in the Constitutional Revolution

تهیدستان شهری شامل گروه‎های متعددی مانند لوطیان‌، مزدوران شهری، دست‎فروشان، حاشیه‎نشینان شهری و...‌بودند. با شروع انقلاب مشروطه، بیشترِ این اقشار به امید رهایی از فقر و فشارهای اقتصادی به انقلابیون پیوستند. اما، در پی ایجاد مشكلاتی نظیر افزایش قیمت اجناس از تحقّق آمال خود در حكومت مشروطه ناامید شدند و از آنجا كه تحت نفوذ نخبگان جامعه بودند، با شكل‌گیری دو گروه مشروطه‌خواهان و سلطنت‌طلبان، لوطیان و جهّال در هر دو جبهه حضور یافتند. برخی با توجه به خصلت اجتماعی خود، در خدمت گروه‎های مخالف قرارگرفته و به غارت و چپاول اموال مردم پرداخته و به دستور دربار به قتل و ایجاد آشوب دست‎می‎زدند. سایر تهیدستان شهری از جهت فقر و اینكه در حوادث مشروطه تحت نفوذ مخالفان و موافقان مشروطیت قرارگرفتند، به همراه لوطیان و جهّال در یك طیف قرارداشتند. در این مقاله،با شیوۀ تحلیلی و توصیفی، عملكرد تهیدستان، لوطیان و جهّال تهران در حوادث مشروطه و اینكه چرا این گروه‎ها در دو سوی مشروطه‎خواهان و مخالفان قرارگرفتند و نقش آنان در ایجاد آشوب‎های اجتماعی و یا در دفاع از مشروطیت چگونه بوده‎است، و همچنین این موضوع كه نخبگان جامعه در تحوّلات سیاسی چگونه گروه‎های فرودست و ناآگاه جامعه را به خدمت خود می‎گیرند، بررسی می‌شود.

The urban poor include various groups such as the hooligans, ignorant, urbanhiredagents, vendors, the unemployed, beggars, construction laborers, peddlers, and outskirts dwellers. With the beginning of the Constitutional Revolution, most of the urban poor, because ofpoverty and economic pressures, joined revolutionaries hoping to get rid of this condition.However, as a result of a number of problems such as increase in the price of goods and commodities,like bread, and insecurity in the society, they were disappointed infulfilling their dreams in the constitutional government. They were also under the influence of the clerics in Tehran.With the beginning of the controversies among the leaders of Constitutional movement, some groups joined the opponent group. There werehooligans and ignorant in both constitutionalist and monarchist campaigns. Given their social nature, they were at the service of the opposition groups and keptusurping peopleʹs property or killing them and creating chaos upon the court order. The hooligans of Sarpoulak neighborhood were fans of Constitution and the hooligans of Sangalaj, Hassan Abad, and ChaaleMeidan neighborhoods were opponents of Constitution. The latter group kept harassing the constitutionalists in events like their seeking refuge at the shrine of Hazrat Abdul Aazim, Toopkhanne Square events and bombarding the parliament. They were less committed to moral and religious principles. Other urban poor, because of poverty and being influenced by the pros and cons of Constitution, went along with the hooligans and the ignorant. In this paper, we study the performanceof the poor, the hooligans, and the ignorant of Tehran in the constitutional events. We also explore the reasons for which these groups were both proponents and opponents of theconstitutionalists, and the role played by them in creating social unrest or defending Constitution. This will be done through a descriptive – analytic method. Finally, we will show the way the society elites hired the poor and the ignorant groups of the society in political events.