بررسي عوامل موثر بر تغيير كاربري اراضي كشاورزي (نمونه موردي: مناطق روستايي شهرستان رشت)

An Investigation of the Factors Affecting Land Use Changing of Agricultural Lands (Case Study: Rural Areas of Rasht Town- Iran)

هدف: در حال حاضر تغيير بي‌رويه اراضي كشاورزي يكي از چالش‌هاي مهم بخش كشاورزي ايران است. تغيير كاربري اراضي ساليانه بخش عمده‌اي از اراضي كشاورزي را از چرخه توليد خارج مي‌كند. هدف اصلي اين پژوهش شناسايي عوامل موثر بر تغيير كاربري اراضي كشاورزي در شهرستان رشت و ارايه راهكارهاي مناسب مي‌باشد. روش: روش تحقيق در اين پژوهش، توصيفي– تحليلي است كه بر اساس متغيرهاي اقتصادي، اجتماعي و طبيعي به‌عنوان عوامل موثر بر تغيير كاربري اراضي زراعي مورد تجزيه‌وتحليل قرار گرفته است. در اين پژوهش بر اساس نمونه‌گيري خوشه‌اي (كلاستر) از 294 روستاي شهرستان رشت تعداد 50 روستاي دشتي و كوهپايه‌اي كه بيشترين تغيير كاربري اراضي را طي دهه اخير داشته‌اند، انتخاب و سپس بر اساس جدول مورگان از خانوارهاي هر روستا تعدادي برحسب نمونه‌گيري تصادفي انتخاب شده است كه مجموعاً 150 خانوار موردبررسي و پرسشگري قرار گرفته‌اند. يافته‌ها: بررسي‌ها نشان مي‌دهد كه روند تغيير كاربري در اراضي زراعي، باغي و جنگلي شهرستان رشت طي سال هاي اخير به‌ويژه از سال 1369 آغاز شده است. بر اساس اطلاعات تصاوير ماهواره‌اي طي سال هاي 1382 الي 1392 معادل 35042 هكتار از اراضي زراعي كه مستعدترين زمين هاي شهرستان بوده و نيز 4832 هكتار از جنگل‌ها و مراتع تغيير كاربري داده است. عوامل موثر بر اين تغيير كاربري در قالب متغيرهاي اقتصادي (گراني نهاده‌هاي كشاورزي، پايين بودن قيمت محصولات زراعي، و...)، اجتماعي (بي‌سوادي و كم سوادي زارعين، عدم تخصص، و...)، طبيعي (فرسايش خاك و...) مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. نتايج تحقيق حاكي از آن است‌كه مسيله تغيير كاربري اراضي كشاورزي در اين شهرستان عمدتاً متاثر از عوامل اقتصادي مي‌باشد تا ساير عوامل، بنابراين با شناخت اين عوامل سعي شده راهكارهاي مناسب در اين خصوص ارايه شود. محدوديت‌ها/راهبردها: مهم‌ترين محدوديت اين پژوهش عدم وجود آمار و اطلاعات دقيق از ميزان تغييرات كاربري اراضي كشاورزي جنگلي در شهرستان رشت توسط سازمان‌هاي ذي‌ربط بوده است. راهكارهاي عملي: نتايج مشاهدات ميداني و پرسشگري از بهره‌برداران بيانگر آن است كه مهم‌ترين عامل تغيير كاربري اراضي زراعي، جنگلي مرتعي عوامل اقتصادي مي‌باشد. مهم‌ترين راهبرد در اين پژوهش اصلاح سياست‌هاي اقتصادي دولت در بخش كشاورزي، اعمال سياست‌هاي حمايتي هدفمند كردن يارانه نهاده‌ها در بخش توليد حمايت از توليد داخلي مي‌باشد. اصالت و ارزش: نوآوري مقاله از اين جهت است كه طي دهه‌هاي اخير با استفاده از پردازش تصاوير ماهواره‌اي در دو مقطع زماني و نيز تحليل عوامل موثر بر تغيير كاربري اراضي كشاورزي و جنگلي در شهرستان رشت تحقيق جامعي صورت نگرفته است.

1. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, uncontrolled land use changing is one of the major challenges of the agricultural section of Iran. Hence, a big part of agricultural lands turned out of production cycle, annually. Rasht town as one of the agricultural areas of Iran is not an exception. The main objective of this investigation, was to recognize the factors affecting land use changing in that area and to propose some proper solutions. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Political economy perspective space is the most influential view on agricultural economy. This vision studies the effective reasons of economy theories in 1950-1960 on developing countries which have been transmitted from Traditional production method to Capitalism and they changed structure of the agricultural sector and the result was a massive change in agricultural lands. 3. METHODOLOGY The research method applied in this study was descriptive-analytical and which analyzed economic, social, and natural variables as effective factors on land use changing. In this study, 50 villages out of 294 ones in Rasht town, which were located in both highlands and lowlands and experienced the largest land use changing during the last decade, were chosen on the basis of cluster sampling. From every village some families were selected randomly on the basis of Morgan table from which 150 families were selected as the total population. SPSS software was employed to analyze the data extracted from the questionnaires. In addition to investigating the abovementioned variables, Satellite Land sat TM data from 2003 to 2013 was used to comparatively verify the extent of alterations of the agricultural land use changes. Finally, the ‘ENVI’ software and supervised classification method of maximum likelihood were used to provide the classification map (GIS) for each usage. 4. DISCUSSION Based on the satellite data by LADD SAT7, almost 35042 hectares of agricultural lands and also 4832 hectares of forest lands and meadows have been changed during 2003 to 2013. The findings indicated that, economic factors specially, expensive agricultural inputs, cheap market price for crop production, high demands for residential, commercial, tourism, and industrial lands, and also import of similar products with lower price are the most important factors influencing the changing of agricultural lands of Rasht town Findings have revealed that, the process of land use changing of Rasht town has begun in recent years, especially from 1990. According to the satellite data, from 2003 to 2013, 35042 hectares of agricultural lands, which were of the most prepared agricultural lands, and also 4832 hectares of forests and pastures have been changed. Effective factors on land use changing analyzed were: expensive agricultural inputs, low market price of agricultural productions, shortage of irrigation water, the black market of rice, nonguaranteed purchase of products, the lack of supports for internal crop products, and the glut of imported crop products in the market, high price of urban lands, development of industrial towns, etc. (from economic perspective), illiterate and semi-illiterate farmers, lack of expertise, age of the farmer, farming systems, inherence laws , etc. (from social perspective) and topography, physical and biological degradation of soil, etc. (from natural perspective). According to the results, the land use changing problem in this town is mostly affected by economic factors rather than the other factors; therefore, we have attempted to propose suitable solutions by recognizing these factors. 5– CONCLUSION The results obtained from the satellite pictures during this decade (2003-2013) indicated that, the town land area has changed rapidly and decreased from 97283/27 hectares in 2003 to 88506/07 hectares in 2013. Also, during this decadeʹ forest areas lost 4321/05 hectares, while the surface area of construction increased 10024/93 hectares. Important strategies for getting out of this crisis include: 1-Agricultural input subsidies, 2- Government support for products that have a comparative advantage, 3- Regulations imposed tariff on rice imports to support Iranian rice farmers, 4- Preventative legislation and amending existing laws and decisive clash with offenders, 5-Integration projects and leveling of agricultural lands.