كاربرد دو روش ناپارامتريك در تعيين آستانه‌ي عوامل موثر بر رشد طولي آبكندها با استفاده از تكنيك‌هاي داده‌كاوي (مطالعه موردي: حوضه‌ي آبخيز سنگانه‌ي كلات)

The Application of Two Nonparametric Methods in Determination of the Threshold of Effective Factors in Length Expansion of Gullies Using Data Mining Techniques (Case Study: Sanganeh Kalat Basin)

چكيده تعيين آستانه‌ي عوامل موثر بر رشد طولي آبكندها مي‌تواند به مديران و تصميم‌گيران كمك كند تا بتوانند با شناخت دقيق، راه‌كار مناسبي را پيش‌بيني و از تخريب اراضي به ‌نحو مطلوب جلوگيري به عمل آورند. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر در حوضه‌ي آبخيز سنگانه‌ي كلات تعيين آستانه‌ي عوامل موثر بر رشد طولي آبكندها با استفاده از تكنيك‌هاي داده‌كاوي مي‌باشد. در اين پژوهش ابتدا بر اساس مطالعات ميداني مشخصات مورفومتري 23 آبكند همراه با نمونه‌برداري از خاك شامل تعيين ويژگي‌هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي موثر خاك اندازه‌گيري گرديد. سپس با بهره‌گيري از روش‌هاي ناپارامتريك الگوريتم خوشه‌بنديK-Means و درخت تصميم CARTبه تعيين آستانه‌ي عوامل موثر بر گسترش طولي آبكندها پرداخته شد. نتايج اين پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه مهم-ترين عوامل موثر بر گسترش طولي آبكندها در اين منطقه عرض آبكند، نسبت جذب سديم، شيب پيشاني آبكند و درصد سيلت مي‌باشد. همچنين مهم ترين عامل شكل‌گيري فرسايش آبكندي در منطقه‌ي مورد مطالعه و گسترش آن تحت تاثير عوامل اقليمي از يك طرف كه باعث ايجاد رواناب و تغيير در ميزان نفوذپذيري، و از طرف ديگر تحت تاثير ويژگي‌ها و خصوصيات فيزيكي و شيمايي خاك‌هاي منطقه مي‌باشد. بنابراين ارايه‌ و اعمال راه‌كارهايي جهت اصلاح خاك و حوضه‌ي آبخيز بالادست آبكندهاي اين منطقه مي‌تواند در كاهش گسترش آبكندها تاثيرگذار باشد.

Introduction Gully erosion is a major problem for natural resource management, leading to land degradation and economic losses worldwide. Determining the threshold for research on Geomorphology and natural ecosystems is important for many scholars. Land managers and specialists knowledge about factors affecting the growth of gully enables them to control them and predict their growth rate under similar conditions in other ecosystems. In the study area, this type of erosion has caused many lands to be destroyed, and with runoff and flood runoff, there is a significant amount of sediment that leads to unutilized land. It seems that examining these factors and determining their thresholds will help determine control strategies and more successful implementation of water and soil conservation projects. The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold of effective factors in the longitudinal growth of gullies using data mining techniques in Sanganeh Kalat watershed in the northern part of Khorasan Razavi province. Methodology Initially, the location of 23 gullies was recorded using the Global Positioning System (Garmin 76CSX) and the distribution map of the gullies in the study area. Then, the Soil gravel, bare soil, cover, litter in heads of the selected gully were measured. For this purpose, 15 plots were placed in one square meter and their means and the previously mentioned parameters were determined. In order to measure the physical and chemical properties of the soil, a soil sample was taken from a point at the head of each gully. After they were transferred to the erosion and sedimentation laboratory, the electrical conductivity (ECe), PH, OM, SAR, Clay, Silt and the Sand were measured. Also, the permeability at the top site of head of each gully was calculated using double cylinders. In addition, the amount of water penetration of the soil was calculated. Finally, using the data mining technique (K-Means Clustering and CART Decision Tree), the threshold of the factors influencing the longitudinal growth of gully in the study area was determined. Discussion Of the total of 23 gullies studied in this study, the accuracy of the estimation based on the parameters influencing the longitudinal extension of the gullies in the final model were measured and were respectively 100% and 85% for the educational and experimental data sets. The interpretation of the rules extracted from the decision tree of the CART, based on the clustering of the length of the gullies, is as follows: - The results of the analysis of the CART decision tree algorithm show that when the width of the gullies is 275.32, the SAR is 0.147, the gullies headcuts slope is 1.39, and the percentage of silt would increase from 37.12, long-length gullies (cluster 1) are created. - In the formation of mid-range gullies, when the ratio of girder width is greater than 198.84, the SAR is less than or equal to 0.174, and the gradient of the gully headcuts slope is less than 0.73, the average length gullies (cluster 2) are created. - When the width of the gullies is from 108.77 m, the SAR is less than or equal to 0.174, and the gullies headcuts slope is smaller or equal to 0.481, gullies of low length (101.35 to 163.23 m) are created. Conclusion The results of the decision tree of CART based on the length of gullies clustering showed that the most important factors affecting the longitudinal expansion of gullies in the study area were gully width, SAR, gully headcuts slope and silt percentage. As a result, the main factor in the longitudinal expansion of gullies is the surface runoff. The second factor is the soil erosion sensitivity in the study area. The main reason for this is the poor vegetation and low soil permeability. In addition, the texture of the soil is another factor that overwhelms the longitudinal extension of the gullies. The prevalence of the amount of silt in the soil texture is due to the lack of adhesion, waste, and the transfer of more sediment, resulting in the longitudinal extension of the gullies.