صرف كاربردشناختي پسوندهاي نسبت در زبان فارسي

The Morphopragmatics of Attributive Suffixes in Persian

پسوندهاي نسبت‌ساز در زبان فارسي «ي، ين، ينه، گان، گانه، انه، ئيه/يه» هستند. شواهد زباني نشان مي‌دهد كه بااتصال اين پسوندها به واژه، غير از مفاهيم هسته‌اي «منسوب به» و «مربوط به» در بعضي از كلمات مفاهيم حاشيه‌اي از قبيل دارندگي، شباهت، امكان، الزام، منشأ، جهت، غايت، مرتبه، شيوه، محدوده، كميت، واسطه و ... نيز برداشت مي‌شود كه درواقع اين مفاهيم ثانويه به حوزه كاربردشناسي مرتبط مي‌شود. چگونگي ارتباط ميان اين مفاهيم هسته‌اي و كاربردشناختي به حوزه علم صرفكاربردشناختي برمي‌گردد كه نقش‌هاي كاربردشناختي واژه را طي مراحل ساخت‌واژه و در ارتباط با ديگر واژه‌هاي زبان به تصوير مي‌كشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسي صرفي-كاربردشناختي پسوندهاي اشتقاقي نسبت در زبان فارسي از منظر مدل شعاعي ژورافسكي (1996) است. نتايج نشان مي‌دهدكه برخي مفاهيم كاربردشناختي اين پسوندها با حوزه‌هاي معنايي ديگر پسوندهاي اشتقاقي زبان نظير تصغير، شباهت و اتصاف و دارندگي همپوشاني دارد. اين اشتراكات نشانگر وجود اتصالات شبكه‌اي بين مفاهيم مختلف زباني هست كه به‌صورت مستمر و در طول تاريخ زبان باهم در تعامل‌اند. گره‌هاي ارتباطي ميان شبكۀ معنايي واژگان زبان آن‌قدر درهم‌تنيده است كه گاه برجسته شدن يكي از اين رابطه‌ها سبب برجسته شدن هم‌زمان چند شاخه ارتباطي ديگر مي‌گردد و معاني متعددي را هم‌زمان به ذهن متبادر مي‌نمايد.

1- Introduction The literature review of Persian suffixes show that “-i, -in, -ineh, -gan, -ganeh, -aneh, and -iyeh/yeh” are attributive suffixes. Linguistic evidences show that once these suffixes are added to a word, in addition to the central senses of “related to” and “attributed to”, they add peripheral sense such as possession, similarity, possibility, obligation, origin, direction, goal, rank, manner, limit, quantity, intermediary, and so on to some words. Such secondary senses are actually related to pragmatics. The way the main senses are related to the pragmatic ones is the subject of study of morphopragmatics which explains the pragmatic roles of words within morphological process and in relation with other words. The aim of the present research is the morphopragmatical study of attribution derivational suffixes in Persian in terms of Jurafsky radial model (1996). 2- Theoretical Framework Lakoff (1987) argues in his idealized cognitive model (ICM) that words show radial categories. Following Lakoff’s radial category model, Jurafsky (1996) performed a typological study of “diminutive” in different languages in terms of morphopragmatics and proposed that semantic expansion and relation can be a reason for the plurality of pragmatic characteristics. He came to the conclusion that the numerous meanings of diminutive affixes are extensions of the central senses of child/small/female gender which are related to the main meanings of child/small/female gender through different semantic change mechanisms such as metaphor, inference, generalization, and lambda-abstraction. The radial category is a graphic representation of a polysemous category, composed of a central and main meaning of “prototype”, which is represented in a network of nodes and links through the expansion of its meaning. Nodes show meanings, and links show metamorphic extensions, transfer in terms of mental overall plans, transfer to different domains, or inference. Therefore, once interpreted as a synchronic phenomenon, the radial category describes active relations among the notions of a polysemous category, and once interpreted as a diachronic phenomenon, it reaches expansions on different mechanisms of semantic change. 3- Methodology The methodology of the present research is descriptive-analytical, with both library and field data collection methods. The data for the present research are collected from the spoken (conversational) and written versions of the Persian language in different ways. At the beginning, we used some Persian dictionaries such as Ravaghi Dictionary of Persian Suffixes (2009), Farshidvard Dictionary of Persian Prefixes and Suffixes (2007), The Zansou Kashani Persian Dictionary (1993), and Suffix Derivation in Contemporary Persian Language (Kashani, 1992). We used suffix derivative words (attributive suffixes) for note taking on cards. We also used the daily conversation of persons in different contexts and situations for finding out suffixes which are used in everyday conversational Persian. We named different usages of suffixes based on Syntax Patterns in the Persian Language (Sameei and Tafsiri, 2004). We also made some innovations based on prior researches. 4- Results & Discussion The study of attributive affixes show that the main and central sense of these affixes has always been “attribution”, and that they are used in the meaning of “related to” or “attributed to”. However, in the contemporary Persian language, in addition to this central sense, affixes have got other different pragmatic senses which have been derived from the main sense through different mechanisms in different eras based on different needs of speakers. Furthermore, the analysis of data and drawing of the radial diagram of attributive suffixes showed that some of their pragmatic senses overlap with the semantic domains of other derivative suffixes such as diminutive, similarity, and place suffixes. 5- Conclusions & Suggestions The overlapping of the pragmatic senses of attributive suffixes with other derivative suffixes of the Persian language shows network links between different linguistic senses which have always been in continuous interaction all through the history. The relation nodes among the semantic network of words are so interconnected that sometimes the prominence of one relation leads to the prominence of some other relational branches, in a way that different meanings are conveyed to mind. Language works in terms of a network all through its history, a complicated and heavily interconnected network which leads to the creation of different meanings and applications in language. In some cases, the pragmatic meaning of an attributive suffix overlaps with the meaning and application of other attributive suffixes or even that of other suffixes of the Persian language such as suffixes of similarity, description, possession, and diminutive. All suffixes subject to this study (“-i, -in, -ineh, -gan, -ganeh, -aneh, and -iyeh/yeh, či, eki, and ou) rotate around one network and are correlated in some way. Another important point is that the process of semantic change in the attributive suffixes of the Persian language conforms to the “unidirectionality of semantic change” claim of Lak off (1987) and Jurafsky (1996) radial model, i.e., diachronically speaking, the meanings of the attributive suffixes of the Persian language are expanded from the central meanings to peripherial ones of the category. Key Words: Morphopragmatics, attributive derivational suffix, cognitive approach, Jurafsky radial model.