Effect of Ni, Pd and Ni–Pd nano-islands on morphology and structure of multi-wall carbon nanotubes

In this research, the effect of Ni, Pd and Ni–Pd catalysts have studied on morphology and structure of synthesized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Initially, thin films of Ni (with two thicknesses of 10 and 20 nm), Pd/Ni (5/10 nm) and Pd (10 nm) were deposited as catalysts on SiO2 (60 nm)/Si(1 0 0) substrates, using dc magnetron sputtering technique. The deposited films were annealed at 900 8C in ammonia environment for 45 min, in order to obtain nano-structured catalyst on the surface. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the average size of Ni nano-islands (synthesized by the 10 and 20 nm Ni films), Pd and Ni–Pd nano-islands were measured about 55, 110, 45 and 50 nm, respectively. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS), the ratio of Ni/Pd on the surface was about 3 for the bilayer sample. The CNTs were synthesized on the nano-island catalysts at 940 8C in CH4 ambient using a thermal chemical vapor deposition method. The results revealed that average diameter of the CNTs were about 70, 110, 120 nm for Ni, Ni–Pd and Pd catalysts, respectively. Raman spectra of the MWCNTs showed that intensity ratio of two main peaks located in the range of 1550–1600 and 1250–1450 cm 1 (as a quality factor for the CNTs) for Ni, Pd and Ni–Pd catalysts were 1.42, 0.91 and 0.85, respectively. Therefore, based on our data analysis, although addition of Pd to Ni catalyst caused a considerable reduction in the quality of the grown MWCNTs as compared to the pure Ni catalyst, but it resulted in an enhancement in the methane decomposition rate. For the pure Pd catalyst samples, both a slow methane decomposition rate as compared with Ni–Pd catalyst samples and a poor quality of CNTs were observed as compared with the Ni catalyst, under similar experimental conditions.