Small size TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in water

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in distilled H2O solvent were prepared by laser ablation. The experiments were performed irradiating a Ti target with a second harmonic (532 nm) output of a Nd:YAG laser varying the operative fluence between 1 and 10 J cm−2 and for an ablation time ranging from 10 to 30 min. Electron microscopy measurements have evidenced the predominant presence of nanoparticles with diameter smaller than 10 nm together with agglomerations of 100–200 nm whose content increases with the laser fluence. At low laser fluence the particles’ size distribution shows that more than 85% of the nanoparticles have a size smaller than 5 nm while at mid and high fluences the presence of 5–7 nm nanoparticles is predominant. XPS analysis has revealed the presence of different titanium suboxide phases with the prevalence of Ti–O bonds from TiO2 species. The optical bandgap values, determined by UV–vis absorption measurements, are compatible with the anatase phase.