Use of crude oil fouling threshold data in heat exchanger design

The existence of a `thresholdʹ below which chemical reaction fouling of heat transfer surfaces by crude oil does not occur has been identified by Ebert and Panchal [Fouling Mitigation of Industrial Heat-Exchange Equipment, Begell House, 1997, 451–460] and clearly demonstrated by Knudsen et al. [Understanding Heat Exchanger Fouling and its Mitigation, Begell House, 1999, 265–272]. This phenomenon has important implications for the design and operation of heat exchangers in refinery pre-heat trains used for the processing of crudes. In this paper we show how a consideration of the fouling threshold condition can be incorporated into the design procedures for shell-and-tube heat exchangers. We then proceed to show how fouling can be mitigated through attention to heat exchanger design, particularly the choice of configuration. The cost of improperly designed units, based on the conventional use of `fouling factorsʹ, is demonstrated.