Flow system with in-line separation/preconcentration coupled to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with W–Rh permanent modifier for copper determination in seawater Original Research Article

A flow system was coupled to a graphite furnace with a platform coated with tungsten–rhodium permanent chemical modifier for in-line separation and preconcentration of copper by employing a minicolumn loaded with 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) immobilized on C18-bonded silica fixed in the tip of the autosampler arm. Elution was made by sampling 35 μl of 0.50 mol l−1 HCl with further delivering into a coated platform. Remarkable improvements in both selectivity and sensitivity were observed. Copper(II) was effectively separated from solutions containing up to 20 g l−1 Na+; 10 g l−1 K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+; 1.0 g l−1 Fe3+ and Zn2+. For a sample flowing at 3.0 ml min−1 and a loading of 60 s, the detection limit was estimated as 5 ng l−1 Cu(II) at the 99.7% confidence level, and an enrichment factor of 33 was calculated. Coefficient of variation was estimated as 4% for a 0.30 μg l−1 copper solution (n=20). The W–Rh permanent chemical modifier was used to improve system stability, analytical performance and atomizer lifetime. More than 1500 firings were carried out with the same atomizer without significant variations in sensitivity and precision. On account of the reagent immobilization, its consumption was lower than 0.2 μg per determination. In addition, TAN purification was unnecessary.