Covalent immobilization of an enzyme (glucose oxidase) onto a carbon sol–gel silicate composite surface as a biosensing platform Original Research Article

A porous organic–inorganic hybrid sol–gel carbon composite has been developed and used for surface covalent bonding of an enzyme for biosensing applications, illustrated by glucose oxidase (GOD). The composite comprises graphite powder, ferrocene, and an amino- and methyl-silicate backbone. The graphite powder provides the conductivity for the electrode and ferrocene acts as the mediator for signal transduction from the active center of the enzyme to the electron conductive surface. The presence of amine groups in the sol–gel silicate network allows for the covalent bonding sites for the enzyme via the carbodiimide reaction. The hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity properties of the electrode surface are controlled by the amine and methyl groups of the silicate network. Systematic optimization of the composite composition has been carried out and the performance of the glucose biosensor has been investigated. The optimal electrode gives a linear response range of 0.1–27 mM glucose with a sensitivity of 1.30 μA mM−1 and detection limit (S/N = 3) of 26 μM.