Sub-nanogram per litre detection of the emerging contaminant progesterone with a fully automated immunosensor based on evanescent field techniques Original Research Article

Progesterone is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and it can be found in various surface waters which are partly used as drinking water resources. Therefore, immunoanalytical methods at a very low limit of detection (LOD) and a low limit of quantification (LOQ) are becoming more and more important for environmental analysis and especially for monitoring drinking water quality. Biosensors have suitable characteristics such as efficiency in allowing very fast, sensitive, and cost-effective detection. Here we describe a fully automated immunoassay for progesterone with a LOD in the sub-nanogram per litre range and a LOQ in the lower nanogram per litre range. In contrast to common analytical methods such as GC–MS or HPLC–MS, the biosensor used requires no sample pre-treatment and no sample pre-concentration. The basis of our sensitive assay is the antibody with a high affinity constant towards progesterone and the robust biosensor setup used.