Author/Authors :
P.، Thiran, نويسنده , , Shen، Weimin نويسنده , , F.، Heylighen, نويسنده , , C.، Gershenson, نويسنده , , S.، Staab, نويسنده , , G.W.، Flake, نويسنده , , D.M.، Pennock, نويسنده , , D.C.، Fain, نويسنده , , D.، De Roure, نويسنده , , K.، Aberer, نويسنده , , O.، Dousse, نويسنده ,
Abstract :
Principles of self-organisation are presented and are applied to the fields of the Web, which has developed its form from the bottom up; e-science, in which a grid of intelligent components interacted towards a greater understanding of the science concerned; peer-to-peer systems, that lend themselves to information systems that do not work with centralized authority; software and hardware agents; and mobile applications, which often defy centralized control.
