Dielectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of Bi4Ti2.98Nb0.01Ta0.01O12 ceramics

The electrical conductivity and electrical relaxation for ferroelectric Bi4Ti2.98Nb0.01Ta0.01O12 (BTNT) ceramics have been reported in the frequency range 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz and in the 300–550 °C temperature range. The electrical data was analyzed in the framework of the dielectric as well as the electric modulus formalisms. The bulk dc conductivity at various temperatures was extracted from the electrical relaxation data. The activation energy associated with the electrical relaxation determined from the electric modulus spectra was found to be 0.93 ± 0.03 eV, close to that of the activation energy for dc conductivity (1.03 ± 0.02 eV). It suggests that the movements of oxygen ions are responsible for both ionic conduction as well as the relaxation process. The pyroelectric coefficient was found to be 12 μC m−2 K−1 at room temperature which is higher than that of the reported value of pyroelectric coefficient for undoped Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics.