Influence of the particle–turbulence modulation modelling in the simulation of a non-isothermal gas–solid flow

A gas–solid suspension upward flowing in a heated vertical pipe has been simulated numerically using both Eulerian–Eulerian and Eulerian–Lagrangian approaches. Particular attention has been paid to the influence of the modelling of the particle–turbulence interactions. A model based on a source-term formulation derived from a study by Crowe (Int. J. Multiphase Flow 26 (5) (2000) 719) allows predicting turbulence enhancement due to a strong particle influence in the core of the pipe flow. Calculations of suspension Nusselt numbers, characterizing the heat transfer between the pipe wall and the flow, have therefore been performed, with a satisfactory level of accuracy, compared with available experimental data. Some numerical difficulty remains however, especially due to the near-wall layer interactions which seem very difficult to simulate.