Stacking fault energy and tensile deformation behavior of high-carbon twinning-induced plasticity steels: Effect of Cu addition

Three experimental fully austenitic high-carbon twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel grades were produced and the stacking fault energy (SFE) was investigated based on the thermodynamic modeling approach. The SFE of Fe–20Mn–xCu–1.3C (x = 0, 1.5 and 3.0) steels varied from 24.36 to 28.74 mJ m−2 at room temperature. In order to study the correlation between the SFE and the mechanical behavior of TWIP steels, tensile tests were performed at room temperature and the deformed microstructures were examined at different strain levels by transmission electron microscopy. The Cu additions resulted in a remarkable increase in total elongation without a slight loss of tensile strength. In addition, the critical strain for serration start on the tensile stress–strain curves (i.e. required strain to generate mechanical twinning) was found to increase with increasing Cu content. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations also indicated that the occurrence of mechanical twinning was suppressed by increasing the Cu addition. The strain hardening mechanism and the superior ductility in deformation are dominated by the interaction of twins and dislocations. The mechanical behavior of TWIP steels is related to the Cu addition, the SFE, the interaction of twins and dislocations.