Numerical solution of three-dimensional backward heat conduction problems by the time evolution method of fundamental solutions

The time evolution method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is proposed to solve three-dimensional backward heat conduction problems (BHCPs). The time evolution MFS is obtained through the linear superposition of diffusion fundamental solutions. Through a correct treatment of temporal evolution, the MFS can be implemented to solve strongly ill-posed problems. The numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the MFS for three-dimensional BHCPs with high levels of noise. This represents the first implementation of MFS to solve three-dimensional BHCPs, and demonstrates that time evolution MFS is a stable and powerful numerical scheme which has the potential to significantly improve the solution of three-dimensional backward heat conduction problems.