Global δf particle simulation of neoclassical transport and ambipolar electric field in general geometry Original Research Article

A generalized global particle-in-cell (PIC) code has been developed to systematically study neoclassical physics and equilibrium electric field dynamics in general toroidal geometry. This capability enables realistic assessment of the irreducible minimum transport level and the bootstrap current in toroidal systems. The associated analysis takes into account the comprehensive influences of large orbits, toroidal geometry, and self-consistent electric field, for more meaningful experimental comparisons. The simulation model and δf algorithm are described, and an interesting new result of non-local ion thermal transport is presented.