Rapid Regulation of the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway during Isoprene Synthesis

More volatile organic carbon is lost from plants as isoprene than any other molecule. This flux of carbon to the atmosphere affects atmospheric chemistry and can serve as a substrate for ozone production in polluted air. Isoprene synthesis may help leaves cope with heatflecks and active oxygen species. Isoprene synthase, an enzyme related to monoterpene synthases, converts dimethylallyl diphosphate derived from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway to isoprene. We used dideuterated deoxyxylulose (DOX-d2) to study the regulation of the isoprene biosynthetic pathway. Exogenous DOX-d2 displaced endogenous sources of carbon for isoprene synthesis without increasing the overall rate of isoprene synthesis. However, at higher concentrations, DOX-d2 completely suppressed isoprene synthesis from endogenous sources and increased the overall rate of isoprene synthesis. We interpret these results to indicate strong feedback control of deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase. We related the emission of labeled isoprene to the concentration of labeled dimethylallyl diphosphate in order to estimate the in situ Km of isoprene synthase. The results confirm that isoprene synthase has a Km 10- to 100-fold higher for its allylic diphosphate substrate than related monoterpene synthases for geranyl diphosphate.