A new approach to study the gas-phase oxidation of toluene: probing active sites in vanadia-based catalysts under working conditions Original Research Article

Differently prepared vanadyl pyrophosphate and potassium-doped vanadia catalysts have been studied during the selective oxidation of toluene and p-methoxy toluene to the corresponding benzaldehydes using a portfolio of various in situ-methods (EPR, UV–VIS–DRS, XRD and XPS). The poor catalytic performance of (VO)2P2O7 is mainly due to strong product adsorption which is favoured by surface OH-groups formed under reaction conditions. This process can be partially suppressed by adding competitive adsorbates to the feed. In K-V2O5 catalysts, a potassium vanadate phase is formed on the surface in which about 25% of the vanadium ions are tetravalent. This leads to lower acidity and oxidation potential of the surface and, thus, to improved benzaldehyde selectivities.