Synthesis and biological evaluation of all A-ring stereoisomers of 5,6-trans-2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and their 20-epimers: possible binding modes of potent A-ring analogues to vitamin D receptor Original Research Article

Abstract Background: The secosteroid 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1) has a wide variety of biological activities, which makes it a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, psoriasis and osteoporosis. Insight into the structure–activity relationships of the A-ring of 1 is still needed to assist the development of more potent and selective analogues as candidate chemotherapeutic agents, as well as to define the molecular mode of action. Results: All possible A-ring stereoisomers of 5,6-trans-2-methyl-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (6a–h) and their 20-epimers (7a–h) were designed and efficiently synthesized. The dependence of the affinities for vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D binding protein (DBP), as well as the HL-60 cell differentiation-inducing activity, upon the stereochemistry of the A-ring and at C20 in the side chain was evaluated. Conclusions: The binding affinities and potency of the 5,6-trans and 5,6-cis analogues were enhanced by a 2-methyl substituent in a certain orientation. Molecular docking studies based upon the X-ray crystal structure of VDR suggested that the axial 2-methyl group would be accommodated in a pocket surrounded by hydrophobic amino acid residues in the ligand binding domain, resulting in enhanced interaction. Article Outline