Genetically Directing ɛ-N, N-Dimethyl-l-Lysine in Recombinant Histones

A molecular understanding of the biological phenomena orchestrated by lysine Nɛ-methylation is impeded by the challenge of producing site-specifically and quantitatively methylated histones. Here, we report a general method that combines genetic code expansion and chemoselective reactions, for the quantitative, site-specific installation of dimethyl-lysine in recombinant histones. We demonstrate the utility of our method by preparing H3K9me2 and show that this modified histone is specifically recognized by heterochromatin protein 1 beta. Extensions of the strategy reported here will allow a range of chemoselective reactions (which have been used for residue-selective, but not site-selective protein modification) to be leveraged for site-specific protein modification.