An Artificial Pathway to 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Allows Generation of New Aminocoumarin Antibiotic Recognized by Catechol Transporters of E. coli Original Research Article

An artificial operon was synthesized, consisting of the genes for chorismate pyruvate-lyase of E. coli and for 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-hydroxylase of Corynebacterium cyclohexanicum. This operon, directing the biosynthesis of 3,4-dihdroxybenzoate, was expressed in the heterologous expression host Streptomyces coelicolor M512, together with a modified biosynthetic gene cluster for the aminocoumarin antibiotic clorobiocin. The resulting strain produced a clorobiocin derivative containing a 3,4-dihdroxybenzoyl moiety. Its structure was confirmed by MS and NMR analysis, and it was found to be a potent inhibitor of the gyrases from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Bioassays against different E. coli mutants suggested that this compound is actively imported by catechol siderophore transporters in the cell envelope. This study provides an example of the structure of a natural product that can be rationally modified by synthetic biology.