A three-dimensional analysis of the universal beam tandem rolling process: Part I. Deformation analysis

A three-dimensional analysis for the universal beam tandem rolling process is presented. The deformation analysis is carried out based on the upper bound theorem and a three-dimensional continuous velocity field is proposed. In the present study, the major factors are taken into account, such as the effects of tension, the non-contact deformation of the web and the uneven distribution of the flow velocity in the lateral direction in both the flange and web deformation zones, the special deformation mechanism of a wide flange beam in universal pass, cross-flow between flange and web parts of the section and so on. Satisfactory results compared with experimental results were obtained, with good convergence, in the prediction of metal flow, flange spread, and web forward-slip under both forward and backward tensions.