Pressure contours on forming dies: Part 1. Simulation using physical modelling technique

In contemporary practice, tool design and its optimisation is accomplished largely through the use of empirical knowledge and extensive experience. A considerable amount of trial and error is necessary in order to be able to set-up a tool for a reliable and reproducible process. One of the major aims of cold-forging research, therefore, is to reduce this trial and error procedure. This can be achieved by means of the physical model technique combined with the necessary calculations.