Muslim Polemics against Judaism and Christianity in 18th Century Iran

Among the refutations, that were written against Christian missionaries at the turn of the 18th/19th century following the order of Fate ʹAle Sheh (reigned 1212/1797-1250/1834), was the extensive Redd-i shubuhet al-kuffer by eqe Muammad ʹAle Bihbahene Kirmenshehe (d. 1216/1801). The present article investigates the literary sources of this work among them particularly Ibn Kammenaʹs (d. 683/1284) Tanqe al-abeeth li-l-milal althaleth and Samawʹal al-Maghrebeʹs (d. 570/1175) Ifem al-yahed. Other prominent sources of the work are awerenemah written by the Jesuit Father Jerome Xavier between 1602 and 1607, Lawemiʹ-i rabbeniyya by Sayyid Aemad Alawe (d. between 1054/1644 and 1060/1650), and Hideyat al-ellen of ʹAli Qile Jaded al-Islem, the Augustinian convert to Islam of the 12th/17th century.