The use of isothermal titration calorimetry to determine the thermodynamics of metal ion binding to low-cost sorbents

The thermodynamics of Al3+, Cr3+, and Pb2+ binding to the abundant biopolymer chitin have been determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and compared to what is observed for binding to activated carbon. The use of ITC enables the detection of two distinct binding sites on chitin for all three metal ions. For the relative strong binding sites, free energy changes ranges from −37.6 kJ/mol to −41.8 kJ/mol while the same values are from −30.1 kJ/mol to −31.8 kJ/mol for the relative weak binding sites. All binding reactions to chitin are entropically driven. Interactions of the metal ions to activated carbon are best fitted as a single-site binding with relative weak binding with free energy changes from −26.3 kJ/mol to −26.8 kJ/mol.