Growth and yield model for Pinus halepensis Mill. in Catalonia, north-east Spain Estimation of aboveground biomass in logged and primary lowland rainforests using 3-D photogrammetric analysis

In this study a set of models was developed which enables tree-level distance-independent simulation of the development of Pinus halepensis stands in Catalonia. The system consists of a diameter growth model, a static height model, an ingrowth model and a survival model for the coming 10-year period. Special emphasis was placed on the logical behaviour of the growth models and site evaluation. Models for linear and non-linear diameter increment were developed and compared. A past growth index, based on increment borings from sample trees, and location characteristics such as latitude, elevation and slope were used for site description. The diameter growth models were based on 14 733 observations, the height models on 14 893 observations, the ingrowth models on 1860 observations, and the survival models on 14 588 observations. The biases of the diameter growth models were zero due to the estimators used for bias correction. The relative bias for the height model was 1.9%. Due to the fitting method applied, the biases of the ingrowth models were zero. The relative RMSE values were 50.9% for the linear diameter growth model, 50.7% for the non-linear diameter growth model, 23.7% for the height model, and 208% for ingrowth. The developed model set enabled logical longterm simulations. We estimated the total aboveground tree biomass (TAGB) in an old-growth primary forest and in a regenerating forest that had been selectively logged in 1958, both within the tropical rainforest of the Pasoh Forest Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia. This was achieved by comparing aerial photographs with data obtained previously from destructive sampling in the same area. Aerial photographs were taken above the primary and logged forest plots in 1997. The heights of the canopy-forming trees were estimated in both plots by means of aerial triangulation and were regressed against the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the corresponding trees measured during ground surveys. The resulting allometric relationship between tree height and DBH let us estimate TAGB: in the primary forest, TAGB was 310 Mg ha^-1, which was ca. 10–12% smaller than the value estimated by means of destructive sampling conducted in the 1970s. The estimated TAGB of the logged forest was 274 Mg ha^-1, which was significantly smaller than that of the primary forest (P < 0.05). We also measured canopy surface height in a 2.5 m grid system. We found that the mean canopy surface height (MCH) in every 20 m × 20 m subplot (0.04 ha) was significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with TAGB for that subplot. This suggests that the spatial variation of TAGB can be estimated using MCH values obtained from such a grid system, and that biomass levels can potentially be estimated by means of satellite remote sensing on larger scales, even for very dense tropical forests. We also found that digital reflectance values from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images differed significantly between the logged and primary forests, and hypothesize that these differences relate to structural differences in the canopy surface. However, TAGB in both plots was poorly correlated with the Landsat reflectance values, suggesting the necessity of using an active remote-sensing sensor or a laser profiling system that can quantify changes in the forestʹs vertical structure or volume to estimate biomass and its variation in dense evergreen forests.