Mutual Composite Fermion and Composite Boson approaches to balanced and imbalanced bi-layer quantum Hall system: An electronic analogy of the Helium 4 system Original Research Article

We use both Mutual Composite Fermion (MCF) and Composite Boson (CB) approach to study balanced and imbalanced Bi-layer Quantum Hall systems (BLQH) and make critical comparisons between the two approaches. We find the CB approach is superior to the MCF approach in studying ground states with different kinds of broken symmetries. In the phase representation of the CB theory, we first study the Excitonic superfluid (ESF) state. The theory puts spin and charge degree freedoms in the same footing, explicitly bring out the spin–charge connection and classify all the possible excitations in a systematic way. Then in the dual density representation of the CB theory, we study possible intermediate phases as the distance increases. We propose there are two critical distances dc1 < dc2 and three phases as the distance increases. When 0 < d < dc1, the system is in the ESF state which breaks the internal U(1) symmetry, when dc1 < d < dc2, the system is in an pseudo-spin density wave (PSDW) state which breaks the translational symmetry, there is a first-order transition at dc1 driven by the collapsing of magneto-roton minimum at a finite wavevector in the pseudo-spin channel. When dc2 < d < ∞, the system becomes two weakly coupled ν = 1/2 Composite Fermion Fermi Liquid (FL) state. There is also a first-order transition at d = dc2. We construct a quantum Ginzburg Landau action to describe the transition from ESF to PSDW which break the two completely different symmetries. By using the QGL action, we explicitly show that the PSDW takes a square lattice and analyze in detail the properties of the PSDW at zero and finite temperature. We also suggest that the correlated hopping of vacancies in the active and passive layers in the PSDW state leads to very large and temperature-dependent drag consistent with the experimental data. Then we study the effects of imbalance on both ESF and PSDW. In the ESF side, the system supports continuously changing fractional charges as the imbalance changes. In the PSDW side, there are two quantum phase transitions from the commensurate excitonic solid to an incommensurate excitonic solid and then to the excitonic superfluid state. We also comment on the effects of disorders and compare our results with the previous work. The very rich and interesting phases and phase transitions in the pseudo-spin channel in the BLQH is quite similar to those in 4He system with the distance playing the role of the pressure. A BLQH system in a periodic potential is also discussed. The Quantum Hall state to Wigner crystal transition in single layer Quantum Hall system is studied.