Advances in piezoelectric finite element modeling of adaptive structural elements: a survey

This paper makes a first attempt to survey and discuss the advances and trends in the formulations and applications of the finite element modeling of adaptive structural elements. For most contributions, the specific assumptions, in particular those of electrical type, and the characteristics of the elements are precised. The informations are illustrated in tables and figures for helpful use by the researchers as well as the designers interested in this growing field of smart materials and structures. Focus is put on the development of adaptive piezoelectric finite elements only. However, papers on other applications and active systems are also listed for completeness purpose. In total, more than 100 papers were found in the open literature. Taking this number as a measure of research activity, trends and ideas for future research are identified and outlined.