A layered line element for the flexural analysis of cyclically loaded reinforced concrete beam–columns

A layered line element for the flexural analysis of reinforced concrete beam–columns under cyclic loading is formulated using mixed approach that satisfies both equilibrium and compatibility conditions. Under constant curvature, the element simulates the characteristics of plastic hinges. The general and the plastic hinge elements incorporate material non-linearities and are validated by comparing their prediction with the hysteretic load-deflection response of six reinforced concrete beam–columns tested in three different countries by various authors. Sensitivity of some important design parameters and the effect of varying axial load to the hysteresis of the beam–columns are also satisfactorily predicted by the element.