Heat transfer enhancement technology provides many advantages in heat exchanger applications. It becomes even more significant in the retrofit design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, where additional heat transfer area is often required. Tube inserts ar

Interfacial heat balances are investigated for three-phase conditions with impinging droplets on an ice surface. The incoming droplets impart kinetic energy and extract heat from the ice surface due to supercooling. The location where these energy modes are most effectively applied is examined in the modelling of the phase change. Predictions of the ice growth on a heated surface are validated with experimental data.