Biomedicines to reduce inflammation but not viral load in chronic HCV – whatʹs the sense?

Although cytokines and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are among the predominant mechanisms of host defense against viral pathogens, they can induce an inflammatory response that often leads to tissue injury. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a major cause of liver-related disease, results in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and CTL activity, followed by liver injury. Although inflammation facilitates the wound healing process, chronic persistence over several decades results in scar accumulation, fibrosis and often cirrhosis. This review summarizes biological data implicating a cause-and-effect relationship between TNF-α levels and the progression of fibrosis in chronic HCV infections, in contrast to the role of TNF-α in hepatitis B virus infections. Furthermore, an overview of therapeutic approaches to halting the inflammatory cascade in individuals with chronic HCV, including the use of agents to reduce the level of TNF-α, is presented.