Crystal Structure of the Excisionase–DNA Complex from Bacteriophage Lambda

The excisionase (Xis) protein from bacteriophage λ is the best characterized member of a large family of recombination directionality factors that control integrase-mediated DNA rearrangements. It triggers phage excision by cooperatively binding to sites X1 and X2 within the phage, bending DNA significantly and recruiting the phage-encoded integrase (Int) protein to site P2. We have determined the co-crystal structure of Xis with its X2 DNA-binding site at 1.7 Å resolution. Xis forms a unique winged-helix motif that interacts with the major and minor grooves of its binding site using an α-helix and an ordered β-hairpin (wing), respectively. Recognition is achieved through an elaborate water-mediated hydrogen-bonding network at the major groove interface, while the preformed hairpin forms largely non-specific interactions with the minor groove. The structure of the complex provides insights into how Xis recruits Int cooperatively, and suggests a plausible mechanism by which it may distort longer DNA fragments significantly. It reveals a surface on the protein that is likely to mediate Xis–Xis interactions required for its cooperative binding to DNA.