La(III)-loaded bentonite/chitosan beads for defluoridation from aqueous solution

Developing low-cost and effective materials for excess fluoride removal is important for providing safe water. A novel adsorbent, La(III)-loaded bentonite/chitosan beads (La-BCB) was prepared for defluoridation from aqueous solution. The effects of various parameters such as dosage of La(III), pH, temperature, contact time, initial fluoride concentration and presence of co-existing anions were investigated to examine the defluoridation behavior. The maximum defluoridation capacity of La-BCB was 2.87 mg/g at pH 5, 30 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the characteristics of La-BCB. The equilibrium fluoride adsorption data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The RL value revealed that the defluoridation process using La-BCB was favorable. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetic as well as particle and intraparticle diffusion models. The presence of carbonate and bicarbonate reduced defluoridation capacity of La-BCB while sulphate, nitrate and chloride showed slight effect. The exhausted La-BCB was regenerated using sodium hydroxide with only 17% loss. The reasonable defluoridation mechanism could be interpreted as adsorption and ion exchange.