Particulate pattern formation and its morphology control by convective self-assembly

Bottom-up self-organization approaches are promising for fabricating higher-order patterned surfaces composed of colloidal particles. The first example among the patterns that have been extensively studied would be stripes; however, the formation of stripe patterns has so far been confined to partially or fully hydrophobic surfaces. By contrast, we have succeeded in preparing well-defined stripe patterns even on strongly hydrophilic substrates via a convective self-assembly technique. By using this technique, a stripe pattern was produced simply by suspending a substrate in a dilute suspension, without any complicated procedure; the stripes spontaneously aligned parallel to the contact line. Driven by this finding, we further investigate this self-assembly process, and find out that the convective self-assembly is quite promising as a template-free pattern formation technique. In the present paper, we first overview the convective self-assembly technique which is originally developed for uniform film formation, and then present our recent results on the pattern formation of colloidal particles through the convective self-assembly. This technique can produce various patterns including stripes, cluster arrays, and grids in response to macroscopic experimental parameters such as particle concentration and temperature.