Constitutive Promoter Occupancy by the MBF-1 Activator and Chromatin Modification of the Developmental Regulated Sea Urchin α-H2A Histone Gene

The tandemly repeated sea urchin α-histone genes are developmentally regulated. These genes are transcribed up to the early blastula stage and permanently silenced as the embryos approach gastrulation. As previously described, expression of the α-H2A gene depends on the binding of the MBF-1 activator to the 5′ enhancer, while down-regulation relies on the functional interaction between the 3′ sns 5 insulator and the GA repeats located upstream of the enhancer. As persistent MBF-1 binding and enhancer activity are detected in gastrula embryos, we have studied the molecular mechanisms that prevent the bound MBF-1 from trans-activating the H2A promoter at this stage of development. Here we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to demonstrate that MBF-1 occupies its site regardless of the transcriptional state of the H2A gene. In addition, we have mapped two nucleosomes specifically positioned on the enhancer and promoter regions of the repressed H2A gene. Interestingly, insertion of a 26 bp oligonucleotide between the enhancer and the TATA box, led to up-regulation of the H2A gene at gastrula stage, possibly by changing the position of the TATA nucleosome. Finally, we found association of histone de-acetylase and de-acetylation and methylation of K9 of histone H3 on the promoter and insulator of the repressed H2A chromatin. These data argue for a role of a defined positioned nucleosome in the promoter and histone tail post-translational modifications, in the 3′ insulator and 5′ regulatory regions, in the repression of the α-H2A gene despite the presence of the MBF-1 activator bound to the enhancer.