Acceleration of 5-Methylcytosine Deamination in Cyclobutane Dimers by G and Its Implications for UV-Induced C-to-T Mutation Hotspots

Sunlight-induced C→T mutation hotspots occur most frequently at methylated CpG sites in tumor suppressor genes and are thought to arise from translesion synthesis past deaminated cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). While it is known that methylation enhances CPD formation in sunlight, little is known about the effect of methylation and sequence context on the deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC) and its contribution to mutagenesis at these hotspots. Using an enzymatic method, we have determined the yields and deamination rates of C and mC in CPDs and find that the frequency of UVB-induced CPDs correlates with the oxidation potential of the flanking bases. We also found that the deamination of TmC and mCT CPDs is about 25-fold faster when flanked by Gʹs than by Aʹs, Cʹs or Tʹs in duplex DNA and appears to involve catalysis by the O6 group of guanine. In contrast, the first deamination of either C or mC in ACmCG with a flanking G was much slower (t1/2 > 250 h) and rate limiting, while the second deamination was much faster. The observation that CmCG dimers deaminate very slowly but at the same time correlate with C→T mutation hotspots suggests that their repair must be slow enough to allow sufficient time for deamination. There are, however, a greater number of single C→T mutations than CC→TT mutations at CmCG sites even though the second deamination is very fast, which could reflect faster repair of doubly deaminated dimers.