Hazards and problems associated with liquids

After paying tribute to the work of Helmut Krämer in the field of electrostatics, this paper examines the mechanisms involved in the accumulation and relaxation of electrostatic charge in liquids. Based on this, an assessment is then made of the ignition hazards when filling vessels with flammable nonpolar liquids, particularly when multiphase systems are involved or the liquids are sprayed.