Two-Dimensional Dynamic Simulation of the Thermal State of Ladles

A two-dimensional mathematical model of steelmaking Sadies is presented. The model can be used as a design tool, by which a number of variables such as holding time, material choice, and refractory layer thicknesses can be studied with regard to their influence on the steel temperature evolution during casting. In addition, the model can act as a decision support and as a basis for automation of temperature control. Temperature measurements from an operational steelmaking ladle are compared to simulation results obtained with the model, demonstrating its feasibility and applicability to steelmaking.