Nucleation and crystallization kinetics of glass derived from incinerator fly ash waste

Nucleation and crystallization kinetics concerning the conversion of a glass made from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator fly ash to glass-ceramics have been investigated. The maximum nucleation rate was found near 720 °C. Activation energies of crystallization were 468–293 kJ/mol and decreased with increasing powder particle size. Avrami exponents for crystallization were 1.5–2.0 which indicates that surface crystallization dominates the overall crystallization. Maximum crystallization can be achieved in a temperature range of 870–980 °C and this temperature increased as the particle size of the specimen increased.