Effect of heating rate on properties of Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 ceramics produced by simplified wolframite route

Effect of heating rate on properties of Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 (PFN) perovskite ceramics produced by a simplified wolframite route are investigated. Without calcining, the mixture of FeNbO4 and PbO was pressed and heated to 1050 °C directly at various rates. PFN ceramics of 100% perovskite phase were obtained at 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min heating rates. Density increases as heating rate increased from 5 to 10 °C/min and reaches a maximum of 8.29 g/cm3 at 10 °C/min. As the heating rate increased from 5 to 10 °C/min, Kmax increases and reaches a maximum of approximately 21,000 at 10 °C/min.